Introduction
1. In honouring Mary as Mother of the Lord, all generations of
Anglicans and Roman Catholics have echoed the greeting of Elizabeth: "Blessed are you
among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb" (Luke 1:42). The Anglican - Roman
Catholic International Commission now offers this Agreed Statement on the place of Mary in
the life and doctrine of the Church in the hope that it expresses our common faith about
the one who, of all believers, is closest to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. We do so
at the request of our two Communions, in response to questions set before us. A special
consultation of Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops, meeting under the leadership of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr George Carey, and Cardinal Edward I. Cassidy, President of
the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, at Mississauga, Canada in 2000,
specifically asked ARCIC for "a study of Mary in the life and doctrine of the
Church." This request recalls the observation of the Malta Report (1968) that
"real or apparent differences between us come to the surface in such matters as
the Mariological definitions" promulgated in 1854 and 1950. More recently, in Ut
Unum Sint (1995), Pope John Paul II identified as one area in need of fuller study by
all Christian traditions before a true consensus of faith can be achieved "the Virgin
Mary, as Mother of God and Icon of the Church, the spiritual Mother who intercedes for
Christ's disciples and for all humanity" (para. 79).
2. ARCIC has addressed this topic once before. Authority in the
Church II (1981) already records a significant degree of agreement:
We agree that there can be but one mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ, and
reject any interpretation of the role of Mary which obscures this affirmation. We agree in
recognising that Christian understanding of Mary is inseparably linked with the doctrines
of Christ and the Church. We agree in recognising the grace and unique vocation of Mary,
Mother of God Incarnate (Theotókos), in observing her festivals, and in
according her honour in the communion of saints. We agree that she was prepared by divine
grace to be the mother of our Redeemer, by whom she herself was redeemed and received into
glory. We further agree in recognising in Mary a model of holiness, obedience and faith
for all Christians. We accept that it is possible to regard her as a prophetic figure of
the Church of God before as well as after the Incarnation (para. 30).
The same document, however, points out remaining differences:
The dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption raise a special problem for
those Anglicans who do not consider that the precise definitions given by these dogmas are
sufficiently supported by Scripture. For many Anglicans the teaching authority of the
bishop of Rome, independent of a council, is not recommended by the fact that through it
these Marian doctrines were proclaimed as dogmas binding on all the faithful. Anglicans
would also ask whether, in any future union between our two Churches, they would be
required to subscribe to such dogmatic statements (para. 30).
These reservations in particular were noted in the official Response of the Holy
See to The Final Report (1991, para. 13). Having taken these shared beliefs and these
questions as the starting point for our reflection, we are now able to affirm further
significant agreement on the place of Mary in the life and doctrine of the Church.
3. The present document proposes a fuller statement of our shared
belief concerning the Blessed Virgin Mary and so provides the context for a common
appreciation of the content of the Marian dogmas. We also take up differences of practice,
including the explicit invocation of Mary. This new study of Mary has benefited from our
previous study of reception in The Gift of Authority (1999). There we concluded
that, when the Church receives and acknowledges what it recognizes as a true expression of
the Tradition once for all delivered to the Apostles, this reception is an act both of
faithfulness and of freedom. The freedom to respond in fresh ways in the face of new
challenges is what enables the Church to be faithful to the Tradition which it carries
forward. At other times, some element of the apostolic Tradition may be forgotten,
neglected or abused. In such situations, fresh recourse to Scripture and Tradition recalls
God's revelation in Christ: we call this process re-reception (cf. Gift
24-25). Progress in ecumenical dialogue and understanding suggests that we now have an
opportunity to re-receive together the tradition of Mary's place in God's revelation.
4. Since its inception ARCIC has sought to get behind opposed or
entrenched positions to discover and develop our common inheritance of faith (cf. Authority
I 25). Following The Common Declaration in 1966 of Pope Paul VI and the
Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Michael Ramsey, we have continued our "serious dialogue
... founded on the Gospels and on the ancient common traditions." We have asked to
what extent doctrine or devotion concerning Mary belongs to a legitimate 'reception' of
the apostolic Tradition, in accordance with the Scriptures. This Tradition has at its core
the proclamation of the trinitarian 'economy of salvation', grounding the life and faith
of the Church in the divine communion of Father, Son and Spirit. We have sought to
understand Mary's person and role in the history of salvation and the life of the Church
in the light of a theology of divine grace and hope. Such a theology is deeply rooted in
the enduring experience of Christian worship and devotion.
5. God's grace calls for and enables human response (cf. Salvation
and the Church [1987] 9). This is seen in the Gospel account of the Annunciation,
where the angel's message evokes the response of Mary. The Incarnation and all that it
entailed, including the passion, death and resurrection of Christ and the birth of the
Church, came about by way of Mary's freely uttered fiat "let it be
done to me according to your word" (Luke 1:38). We recognize in the event of the
Incarnation God's gracious 'Yes' to humanity as a whole. This reminds us once more of the
Apostle's words in 2 Corinthians 1:18-20 (Gift 8ff): all God's promises find
their 'Yes' in the Son of God, Jesus Christ. In this context, Mary's fiat can be
seen as the supreme instance of a believer's 'Amen' in response to the 'Yes' of God.
Christian disciples respond to the same 'Yes' with their own 'Amen'. They thus know
themselves to be children together of the one heavenly Father, born of the Spirit as
brothers and sisters of Jesus Christ, drawn into the communion of love of the blessed
Trinity. Mary epitomizes such participation in the life of God. Her response was not made
without profound questioning, and it issued in a life of joy intermingled with sorrow,
taking her even to the foot of her son's cross. When Christians join in Mary's 'Amen' to
the 'Yes' of God in Christ, they commit themselves to an obedient response to the Word of
God, which leads to a life of prayer and service. Like Mary, they not only magnify the
Lord with their lips: they commit themselves to serve God's justice with their lives (cf.
Luke 1:46-55).
A. Mary according to the Scriptures
6. We remain convinced that the holy Scriptures, as the Word of God
written, bear normative witness to God's plan of salvation, so it is to them that this
statement first turns. Indeed, it is impossible to be faithful to Scripture and not to
take Mary seriously. We recognize, however, that for some centuries Anglicans and Roman
Catholics have interpreted the Scriptures while divided from one another. In reflecting
together on the Scriptures' testimony concerning Mary, we have discovered more than just a
few tantalizing glimpses into the life of a great saint. We have found ourselves
meditating with wonder and gratitude on the whole sweep of salvation history: creation,
election, the Incarnation, passion, and resurrection of Christ, the gift of the Spirit in
the Church, and the final vision of eternal life for all God's people in the new creation.
7. In the following paragraphs, our use of Scripture seeks to draw
upon the whole tradition of the Church, in which rich and varied readings have been
employed. In the New Testament, the Old Testament is commonly interpreted typologically[1]: events and images are understood with specific reference to
Christ. This approach is further developed by the Fathers and by medieval preachers and
authors. The Reformers stressed the clarity and sufficiency of Scripture, and called for a
return to the centrality of the Gospel message. Historical-critical approaches attempted
to discern the meaning intended by the biblical authors, and to account for texts'
origins. Each of these readings has its limitations, and may give rise to exaggerations or
imbalances: typology can become extravagant, Reformation emphases reductionist, and
critical methods overly historicist. More recent approaches to Scripture point to the
range of possible readings of a text, notably its narrative, rhetorical and sociological
dimensions. In this statement, we seek to integrate what is valuable from each of these
approaches, as both correcting and contributing to our use of Scripture. Further, we
recognize that no reading of a text is neutral, but each is shaped by the context and
interest of its readers. Our reading has taken place within the context of our dialogue in
Christ, for the sake of that communion which is his will. It is thus an ecclesial and
ecumenical reading, seeking to consider each passage about Mary in the context of the New
Testament as a whole, against the background of the Old, and in the light of Tradition.
The Witness of Scripture: A Trajectory of Grace and Hope
8. The Old Testament bears witness to God's creation of men and women
in the divine image, and God's loving call to covenant relationship with himself. Even
when they disobeyed, God did not abandon human beings to sin and the power of death. Again
and again God offered a covenant of grace. God made a covenant with Noah that never again
would "all flesh" be destroyed by the waters of a flood. The Lord made a
covenant with Abraham that, through him, all the families of the earth might be blessed.
Through Moses he made a covenant with Israel that, obedient to his word, they might be a
holy nation and a priestly people. The prophets repeatedly summoned the people to turn
back from disobedience to the gracious God of the covenant, to receive God's word and let
it bear fruit in their lives. They looked forward to a renewal of the covenant in which
there would be perfect obedience and perfect self-giving: "This is the covenant which
I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my law
within them, and I will write it upon their hearts; and I will be their God, and they
shall be my people" (Jeremiah 31:33). In the prophecy of Ezekiel, this hope is spoken
of not only in terms of washing and cleansing, but also of the gift of the Spirit (Ezekiel
36:25-28).
9. The covenant between the Lord and his people is several times
described as a love affair between God and Israel, the virgin daughter of Zion, bride and
mother: "I gave you my solemn oath and entered into a covenant with you, declares the
Sovereign Lord, and you became mine" (Ezekiel 16:8; cf. Isaiah 54:1 and Galatians
4:27). Even in punishing faithlessness, God remains forever faithful, promising to restore
the covenant relationship and to draw together the scattered people (Hosea 1-2; Jeremiah
2:2, 31:3; Isaiah 62:4-5). Nuptial imagery is also used within the New Testament to
describe the relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:21-33; Revelation
21:9). In parallel to the prophetic image of Israel as the bride of the Lord, the
Solomonic literature of the Old Testament characterizes Holy Wisdom as the handmaid of the
Lord (Proverbs 8:.22f; cf. Wisdom 7:22-26) similarly emphasizing the theme of
responsiveness and creative activity. In the New Testament these prophetic and wisdom
motifs are combined (Luke 11:49) and fulfilled in the coming of Christ.
10. The Scriptures also speak of the calling by God of particular
persons, such as David, Elijah, Jeremiah and Isaiah, so that within the people of God
certain special tasks may be performed. They bear witness to the gift of the Spirit or the
presence of God enabling them to accomplish God's will and purpose. There are also
profound reflections on what it is to be known and called by God from the very beginning
of one's existence (Psalm 139:13-16; Jeremiah 1:4-5). This sense of wonder at the
prevenient grace of God is similarly attested in the New Testament, especially in the
writings of Paul, when he speaks of those who are "called according to God's
purpose," affirming that those whom God "foreknew, he also predestined to be
conformed to the image of his Son ... And those whom he predestined he also called; and
those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also
glorified" (Romans 8:28-30; cf. 2 Timothy 1:9). The preparation by God for a
prophetic task is exemplified in the words spoken by the angel to Zechariah before the
birth of John the Baptist: "He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his
mother's womb" (Luke 1:15; cf. Judges 13:3-5).
11. Following through the trajectory of the grace of God and the hope
for a perfect human response which we have traced in the preceding paragraphs, Christians
have, in line with the New Testament writers, seen its culmination in the obedience of
Christ. Within this Christological context, they have discerned a similar pattern in the
one who would receive the Word in her heart and in her body, be overshadowed by the Spirit
and give birth to the Son of God. The New Testament speaks not only of God's preparation
for the birth of the Son, but also of God's election, calling and sanctification of a
Jewish woman in the line of those holy women, such as Sarah and Hannah, whose sons
fulfilled the purposes of God for his people. Paul speaks of the Son of God being born
"in the fullness of time" and "born of a woman, born under the Law"
(Galatians 4:4). The birth of Mary's son is the fulfilment of God's will for Israel, and
Mary's part in that fulfilment is that of free and unqualified consent in utter
self-giving and trust: "Behold I am the handmaid of the Lord; let it be done to me
according to your word" (Luke 1:38; cf. Psalm 123:2).
Mary in Matthew's Birth Narrative
12. While various parts of the New Testament refer to the birth of
Christ, only two Gospels, Matthew and Luke, each from its own perspective, narrate the
story of his birth and refer specifically to Mary. Matthew entitles his book "the
Genesis of Jesus Christ" (1:1) echoing the way the Bible begins (Genesis 1:1). In the
genealogy (1:1-18) he traces the genesis of Jesus back through the Exile to David and
ultimately to Abraham. He notes the unlikely role played in the providential ordering of
Israel's salvation history by four women, each of whom stretches the boundaries of the
Covenant. This emphasis on continuity with the old is counter-balanced in the following
account of Jesus' birth by an emphasis on the new (cf. 9:17), a type of re-creation by the
Holy Spirit, revealing new possibilities of salvation from sin (1:21) and of the presence
of "God with us" (1:23). Matthew stretches the boundaries further in holding
together Jesus' Davidic descent through the legal fatherhood of Joseph, and his birth from
the Virgin according to Isaiah's prophecy "Behold a virgin shall conceive and
bear a son" (Isaiah 7:14 LXX).
13. In Matthew's account, Mary is mentioned in conjunction with her
son in such phrases as "Mary his mother" or "the child and his mother"
(2:11,13,20,21). Amid all the political intrigue, murder, and displacement of this tale,
one quiet moment of reverence has captured the Christian imagination: the Magi, whose
profession it is to know when the time has come, kneel in homage to the infant King with
his royal mother (2:2,11). Matthew emphasizes the continuity of Jesus Christ with Israel's
messianic expectation and the newness that comes with the birth of the Saviour. Descent
from David by whatever route, and birth at the ancestral royal city, disclose the first.
The virginal conception discloses the second.
Mary in Luke's Birth Narrative
14. In Luke's infancy narrative, Mary is prominent from the beginning.
She is the link between John the Baptist and Jesus, whose miraculous births are laid out
in deliberate parallel. She receives the angel's message and responds in humble obedience
(1:38). She travels on her own from Galilee to Judaea to visit Elizabeth (1:40) and in her
song proclaims the eschatological reversal which will be at the heart of her son's
proclamation of the Kingdom of God. Mary is the one who in recollection looks beneath the
surface of events (2:19,51) and represents the inwardness of faith and suffering (2:35).
She speaks on Joseph's behalf in the scene at the Temple and, although chided for her
initial incomprehension, continues to grow in understanding (2:48-51).
15. Within the Lucan narrative, two particular scenes invite
reflection on the place of Mary in the life of the Church: the Annunciation and the visit
to Elizabeth. These passages emphasize that Mary is in a unique way the recipient of God's
election and grace. The Annunciation story recapitulates several incidents in the Old
Testament, notably the births of Isaac (Genesis 18:10-14), Samson (Judges 13:2-5) and
Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1-20). The angel's greeting also evokes the passages in Isaiah
(66:7-11), Zechariah (9:9) and Zephaniah (3:14-17) that call on the "Daughter of
Zion", i.e., Israel awaiting with joy the arrival of her Lord. The choice of
'overshadow' (episkiasei) to describe the action of the Holy Spirit in the
virginal conception (Luke 1:35) echoes the cherubim overshadowing the Ark of the Covenant
(Exodus 25:20), the presence of God overshadowing the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:35), and the
brooding of the Spirit over the waters at the creation (Genesis 1:2). At the Visitation,
Mary's song (Magnificat) mirrors the song of Hannah (1 Samuel 2:1-10), broadening
its scope so that Mary becomes the one who speaks for all the poor and oppressed who long
for God's reign of justice to be established. Just as in Elizabeth's salutation the mother
receives a blessing of her own, distinct from that of her child (1:42), so also in the Magnificat
Mary predicts that "all generations will call me blessed" (1:48). This text
provides the scriptural basis for an appropriate devotion to Mary, though never in
separation from her role as mother of the Messiah.
16. In the Annunciation story, the angel calls Mary the Lord's
"favoured one" (Greek kecharitõmene, a perfect participle meaning 'one
who has been and remains endowed with grace') in a way that implies a prior sanctification
by divine grace with a view to her calling. The angel's announcement connects Jesus' being
"holy" and "Son of God" with his conception by the Holy Spirit (1:35).
The virginal conception then points to the divine sonship of the Saviour who will be born
of Mary. The infant not yet born is described by Elizabeth as the Lord: "And why is
this granted to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?" (1:43). The
trinitarian pattern of divine action in these scenes is striking: the Incarnation of the
Son is initiated by the Father's election of the Blessed Virgin and is mediated by the
Holy Spirit. Equally striking is Mary's fiat, her 'Amen' given in faith and
freedom to God's powerful Word communicated by the angel (1:38).
17. In Luke's account of the birth of Jesus, the praise offered to God
by the shepherds parallels the Magi's adoration of the infant in Matthew's account. Again,
this is the scene that constitutes the still centre at the heart of the birth story:
"They found Mary and Joseph and the baby lying in a manger" (Luke 2:16). In
accordance with the Law of Moses, the baby is circumcised and presented in the Temple. On
this occasion, Simeon has a special word of prophecy for the mother of the Christ-child,
that "a sword will pierce your own soul" (Luke 2:34-35). From this point on
Mary's pilgrimage of faith leads to the foot of the cross.
The Virginal Conception
18. The divine initiative in human history is proclaimed in the good
news of the virginal conception through the action of the Holy Spirit (Matthew 1:20-23;
Luke 1:34-35). The virginal conception may appear in the first place as an absence, i.e.,
the absence of a human father. It is in reality, however, a sign of the presence and work
of the Spirit. Belief in the virginal conception is an early Christian tradition adopted
and developed independently by Matthew and Luke.[2] For
Christian believers, it is an eloquent sign of the divine sonship of Christ and of new
life through the Spirit. The virginal conception also points to the new birth of every
Christian, as an adopted child of God. Each is "born again (from above) by water and
the Spirit" (John 3:3-5). Seen in this light, the virginal conception, far from being
an isolated miracle, is a powerful expression of what the Church believes about her Lord,
and about our salvation.
Mary and the True Family of Jesus
19. After these birth stories, it comes as something of a surprise to
read the episode, narrated in all three Synoptic Gospels, which addresses the question of
Jesus' true family. Mark tells us that Jesus' "mother and his brothers" (Mark
3:31) come and stand outside, wanting to speak to him.[3]
Jesus in response distances himself from his natural family: he speaks instead of those
gathered around him, his 'eschatological family', that is to say, "whoever does the
will of God" (3:35). For Mark, Jesus' natural family, including his own mother, seems
at this stage to lack understanding of the true nature of his mission. But that will be
the case also with his disciples (e.g. 8:33-35, 9:30-33, 10:35-40). Mark indicates that
growth in understanding is inevitably slow and painful, and that genuine faith in Christ
is not reached until the encounter with the cross and the empty tomb.
20. In Luke, the stark contrast between the attitude towards Jesus of
his natural and eschatological family is avoided (Luke 8:19-21). In a later scene
(11:27-28) the woman in the crowd who utters a blessing on his mother, "Blessed is
the womb that bore you and the breasts that you sucked", is corrected: "Blessed
rather are those who hear the word of God and keep it". But that form of blessing, as
Luke sees it, definitely includes Mary who, from the beginning of his account, was ready
to let everything in her life happen according to God's word (1:38).
21. In his second book, the Acts of the Apostles, Luke notes that
between the ascension of the Risen Lord and the feast of Pentecost the apostles were
gathered in Jerusalem "together with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with
his brothers" (Acts 1:14). Mary, who was receptive to the working of God's Spirit at
the birth of the Messiah (Luke 1:35-38), is here part of the community of disciples
waiting in prayer for the outpouring of the Spirit at the birth of the Church.
Mary in John's Gospel
22. Mary is not mentioned explicitly in the Prologue of John's Gospel.
However, something of the significance of her role in salvation history may be discerned
by placing her in the context of the considered theological truths that the evangelist
articulates in unfolding the good news of the Incarnation. The theological emphasis on the
divine initiative, that in the narratives of Matthew and Luke is expressed in the story of
Jesus' birth, is paralleled in the Prologue of John by an emphasis on the predestining
will and grace of God by which all those who are brought to new birth are said to be born
"not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God"
(1:13). These are words that could be applied to the birth of Jesus himself.
23. At two important moments of Jesus' public life, the beginning (the
wedding at Cana) and the end (the Cross), John notes the presence of Jesus' mother. Each
is an hour of need: the first on the surface rather trivial, but at a deeper level a
symbolic anticipation of the second. John gives a prominent position in his Gospel to the
wedding at Cana (2:1-12), calling it the beginning (arche) of the signs of Jesus.
The account emphasizes the new wine which Jesus brings, symbolizing the eschatological
marriage feast of God with his people and the messianic banquet of the Kingdom. The story
primarily conveys a Christological message: Jesus reveals his messianic glory to his
disciples and they believe in him (2:11).
24. The presence of the "mother of Jesus" is mentioned at
the beginning of the story: she has a distinctive role in the unfolding of the narrative.
Mary seems to have been invited and be present in her own right, not with "Jesus and
his disciples" (2:1-2); Jesus is initially seen as present as part of his mother's
family. In the dialogue between them when the wine runs out, Jesus seems at first to
refuse Mary's implied request, but in the end he accedes to it. This reading of the
narrative, however, leaves room for a deeper symbolic reading of the event. In Mary's
words "they have no wine", John ascribes to her the expression not so much of a
deficiency in the wedding arrangements, as of the longing for salvation of the whole
covenant people, who have water for purification but lack the joyful wine of the messianic
kingdom. In his answer, Jesus begins by calling into question his former relationship with
his mother ("What is there between you and me?"), implying that a change has to
take place. He does not address Mary as 'mother', but as "woman" (cf. John
19:26). Jesus no longer sees his relation to Mary as simply one of earthly kinship.
25. Mary's response, to instruct the servants to "Do whatever he
tells you" (2:5), is unexpected; she is not in charge of the feast (cf. 2:8). Her
initial role as the mother of Jesus has radically changed. She herself is now seen as a
believer within the messianic community. From this moment on, she commits herself totally
to the Messiah and his word. A new relationship results, indicated by the change in the
order of the main characters at the end of the story: "After this he went down to
Capernaum, with his mother and his brothers and his disciples" (2:12). The Cana
narrative opens by placing Jesus within the family of Mary, his mother; from now on, Mary
is part of the "company of Jesus", his disciple. Our reading of this passage
reflects the Church's understanding of the role of Mary: to help the disciples come to her
son, Jesus Christ, and to "do whatever he tells you."
26. John's second mention of the presence of Mary occurs at the
decisive hour of Jesus' messianic mission, his crucifixion (19:25-27). Standing with other
disciples at the cross, Mary shares in the suffering of Jesus, who in his last moments
addresses a special word to her, "Woman, behold your son", and to the beloved
disciple, "Behold your mother." We cannot but be touched that, even in his dying
moments, Jesus is concerned for the welfare of his mother, showing his filial affection.
This surface reading again invites a symbolic and ecclesial reading of John's rich
narrative. These last commands of Jesus before he dies reveal an understanding beyond
their primary reference to Mary and "the beloved disciple" as individuals. The
reciprocal roles of the 'woman' and the 'disciple' are related to the identity of the
Church. Elsewhere in John, the beloved disciple is presented as the model disciple of
Jesus, the one closest to him who never deserted him, the object of Jesus' love, and the
ever-faithful witness (13:25, 19:26, 20:1-10, 21:20-25). Understood in terms of
discipleship, Jesus' dying words give Mary a motherly role in the Church and encourage the
community of disciples to embrace her as a spiritual mother.
27. A corporate understanding of 'woman' also calls the Church
constantly to behold Christ crucified, and calls each disciple to care for the Church as
mother. Implicit here perhaps is a Mary-Eve typology: just as the first 'woman' was taken
from Adam's 'rib' (Genesis 2:22, pleura LXX) and became the mother of all the
living (Genesis 3:20), so the 'woman' Mary is, on a spiritual level, the mother of all who
gain true life from the water and blood that flow from the side (Greek pleura,
literally 'rib') of Christ (19:34) and from the Spirit that is breathed out from his
triumphant sacrifice (19:30, 20:22, cf. 1 John 5:8). In such symbolic and corporate
readings, images for the Church, Mary and discipleship interact with one another. Mary is
seen as the personification of Israel, now giving birth to the Christian community (cf.
Isaiah 54:1, 66:7-8), just as she had given birth earlier to the Messiah (cf. Isaiah
7:14). When John's account of Mary at the beginning and end of Jesus' ministry is viewed
in this light, it is difficult to speak of the Church without thinking of Mary, the Mother
of the Lord, as its archetype and first realization.
The Woman in Revelation 12
28. In highly symbolic language, full of scriptural imagery, the seer
of Revelation describes the vision of a sign in heaven involving a woman, a dragon, and
the woman's child. The narrative of Revelation 12 serves to assure the reader of the
ultimate victory of God's faithful ones in times of persecution and eschatological
struggle. In the course of history, the symbol of the woman has led to a variety of
interpretations. Most scholars accept that the primary meaning of the woman is corporate:
the people of God, whether Israel, the Church of Christ, or both. Moreover, the narrative
style of the author suggests that the 'full picture' of the woman is attained only at the
end of the book when the Church of Christ becomes the triumphant New Jerusalem (Revelation
21:1-3). The actual troubles of the author's community are placed in the frame of history
as a whole, which is the scene of the ongoing struggle between the faithful and their
enemies, between good and evil, between God and Satan. The imagery of the offspring
reminds us of the struggle in Genesis 3:15 between the serpent and the woman, between the
serpent's seed and the woman's seed.[4]
29. Given this primary ecclesial interpretation of Revelation 12, is
it still possible to find in it a secondary reference to Mary? The text does not
explicitly identify the woman with Mary. It refers to the woman as the mother of the
"male child who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron", a citation from
Psalm 2 elsewhere in the New Testament applied to the Messiah as well as to the faithful
people of God (cf. Hebrews 1:5, 5:5, Acts 13:33 with Revelation 2:27). In view of this,
some Patristic writers came to think of the mother of Jesus when reading this chapter.[5] Given the place of the book of Revelation within the canon
of Scripture, in which the different biblical images intertwine, the possibility arose of
a more explicit interpretation, both individual and corporate, of Revelation 12,
illuminating the place of Mary and the Church in the eschatological victory of the
Messiah.
Scriptural Reflection
30. The scriptural witness summons all believers in every generation
to call Mary 'blessed'; this Jewish woman of humble status, this daughter of Israel living
in hope of justice for the poor, whom God has graced and chosen to become the virgin
mother of his Son through the overshadowing of the Holy Spirit. We are to bless her as the
'handmaid of the Lord' who gave her unqualified assent to the fulfilment of God's saving
plan, as the mother who pondered all things in her heart, as the refugee seeking asylum in
a foreign land, as the mother pierced by the innocent suffering of her own child, and as
the woman to whom Jesus entrusted his friends. We are at one with her and the apostles, as
they pray for the outpouring of the Spirit upon the nascent Church, the eschatological
family of Christ. And we may even glimpse in her the final destiny of God's people to
share in her son's victory over the powers of evil and death.
B. Mary in the Christian Tradition
Christ and Mary in the Ancient Common Tradition
31. In the early Church, reflection on Mary served to interpret and
safeguard the apostolic Tradition centred on Jesus Christ. Patristic testimony to Mary as
'God-bearer' (Theotókos) emerged from reflection on Scripture and the
celebration of Christian feasts, but its development was due chiefly to the early
Christological controversies. In the crucible of these controversies of the first five
centuries, and their resolution in successive Ecumenical Councils, reflection on Mary's
role in the Incarnation was integral to the articulation of orthodox faith in Jesus
Christ, true God and true man.
32. In defence of Christ's true humanity, and against Docetism, the
early Church emphasized Jesus' birth from Mary. He did not just 'appear' to be human; he
did not descend from heaven in a 'heavenly body', nor when he was born did he simply 'pass
through' his mother. Rather, Mary gave birth to her son of her own substance. For Ignatius
of Antioch (c.110) and Tertullian (c.225), Jesus is fully human, because
'truly born' of Mary. In the words of the Nicaeo-Constantinopolitan Creed (381), "he
was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and was made man." The
definition of Chalcedon (451), reaffirming this creed, attests that Christ is
"consubstantial with the Father according to the divinity and consubstantial with us
according to the humanity." The Athanasian Creed confesses yet more concretely that
he is "man, of the substance of his Mother." This Anglicans and Roman Catholics
together affirm.
33. In defence of his true divinity, the early Church emphasized
Mary's virginal conception of Jesus Christ. According to the Fathers, his conception by
the Holy Spirit testifies to Christ's divine origin and divine identity. The One born of
Mary is the eternal Son of God. Eastern and Western Fathers - such as Justin
(c.150), Irenaeus (c.202), Athanasius (373), and Ambrose (397) -
expounded this New Testament teaching in terms of Genesis 3 (Mary is the antitype of
'virgin Eve') and Isaiah 7:14 (she fulfils the prophet's vision and gives birth to
"God with us"). They appealed to the virginal conception to defend both the
Lord's divinity and Mary's honour. As the Apostles' Creed confesses: Jesus Christ was
"conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary." This Anglicans and
Roman Catholics together affirm.
34. Mary's title Theotókos was formally invoked to safeguard
the orthodox doctrine of the unity of Christ's person. This title had been in use in
churches under the influence of Alexandria at least from the time of the Arian
controversy. Since Jesus Christ is "true God from true God", as the Council of
Nicaea (325) declared, these churches concluded that his mother, Mary, can rightly be
called the 'God-bearer'. Churches under the influence of Antioch, however, conscious of
the threat Apollinarianism posed to belief in the full humanity of Christ, did not
immediately adopt this title. The debate between Cyril of Alexandria (444) and
Nestorius (455), patriarch of Constantinople, who was formed in the Antiochene
school, revealed that the real issue in the question of Mary's title was the unity of
Christ's person. The ensuing Council of Ephesus (431) used Theotókos (literally
'God-bearer'; in Latin, Deipara) to affirm the oneness of Christ's person by
identifying Mary as the Mother of God the Word incarnate.[6]
The rule of faith on this matter takes more precise expression in the definition of
Chalcedon: "One and the same Son ... was begotten from the Father before the ages as
to the divinity and in the latter days for us and our salvation was born as to the
humanity from Mary the Virgin Theotókos." In receiving the Council of
Ephesus and the definition of Chalcedon, Anglicans and Roman Catholics together confess
Mary as Theotókos.
The Celebration of Mary in the Ancient Common Traditions
35. In the early centuries, communion in Christ included a strong
sense of the living presence of the saints as an integral part of the spiritual experience
of the churches (Hebrews 12:1,22-24; Revelation 6:9-11; 7; 8:3-4). Within the 'cloud of
witnesses', the Lord's mother came to be seen to have a special place. Themes developed
from Scripture and in devotional reflection reveal a deep awareness of Mary's role in the
redemption of humanity. Such themes include Mary as Eve's counterpart and as a type of the
Church. The response of Christian people, reflecting on these themes, found devotional
expression in both private and public prayer.
36. Exegetes delighted in drawing feminine imagery from the Scriptures
to contemplate the significance both of the Church and Mary. Fathers as early as Justin
Martyr (c.150) and Irenaeus (c.202), reflecting on texts like Genesis 3 and
Luke 1:26-38, developed, alongside the antithesis of Adam/New Adam, that of Eve/New Eve.
Just as Eve is associated with Adam in bringing about our defeat, so Mary is associated
with her Son in the conquest of the ancient enemy (cf. Genesis 3:15, vide supra
footnote 4): 'virgin' Eve's disobedience results in death; the virgin Mary's obedience
opens the way to salvation. The New Eve shares in the New Adam's victory over sin and
death.
37. The Fathers presented Mary the Virgin Mother as a model of
holiness for consecrated virgins, and increasingly taught that she had remained
'Ever-Virgin'.[7] In their reflection, virginity was
understood not only as physical integrity, but as an interior disposition of openness,
obedience, and single-hearted fidelity to Christ which models Christian discipleship and
issues in spiritual fruitfulness.
38. In this patristic understanding, Mary's virginity was closely
related to her sanctity. Although some early exegetes thought that Mary was not wholly
without sin,[8] Augustine (430) witnessed to
contemporary reluctance to speak of any sin in her.
We must except the holy Virgin Mary, concerning whom I wish to raise no question when
it touches the subject of sins, out of honour to the Lord; for from him we know what
abundance of grace for overcoming sin in every particular was conferred on her who had the
merit to conceive and bear him who undoubtedly had no sin. (De natura et gratia
36.42).
Other Fathers from West and East, appealing to the angelic salutation (Luke 1:28) and
Mary's response (Luke 1:38), support the view that Mary was filled with grace from her
origin in anticipation of her unique vocation as Mother of the Lord. By the fifth century
they hail her as a new creation: blameless, spotless, "holy in body and soul"
(Theodotus of Ancyra, Homily 6,11: before 446). By the sixth century, the
title panaghia ('all-holy') can be found in the East.
39. Following the Christological debates at the councils of Ephesus
and Chalcedon, devotion to Mary flourished. When the patriarch of Antioch refused Mary the
title of Theotókos, Emperor Leo I (457-474) commanded the patriarch of
Constantinople to insert this title into the eucharistic prayer throughout the East. By
the sixth century, commemoration of Mary as 'God-bearer' had become universal in the
eucharistic prayers of East and West (with the exception of the Assyrian Church of the
East). Texts and images celebrating Mary's holiness were multiplied in liturgical poetry
and songs, such as the Akathist, a hymn probably written soon after Chalcedon and
still sung in the Eastern church. A tradition of praying with and praising Mary was thus
gradually established. This has been associated since the fourth century, especially in
the East, with asking for her protection.[9]
40. After the Council of Ephesus, churches began to be dedicated to
Mary and feasts in her honour began to be celebrated on particular days in these churches.
Prompted by popular piety and gradually adopted by local churches, feasts celebrating
Mary's conception (December 8/9), birth (September 8), presentation (November 21), and
dormition (August 15) mirrored the liturgical commemorations of events in the life of the
Lord. They drew both on the canonical Scriptures and also on apocryphal accounts of Mary's
early life and her 'falling asleep'. A feast of the conception of Mary can be dated in the
East to the late seventh century, and was introduced into the Western church through
southern England in the early eleventh century. It drew on popular devotion expressed in
the second-century Protoevangelium of James, and paralleled the dominical feast
of the Annunciation and the existing feast of the conception of John the Baptist. The
feast of Mary's 'falling asleep' dates from the end of the sixth century, but was
influenced by legendary narratives of the end of Mary's life already widely in
circulation. In the West, the most influential of them are the Transitus Mariae.
In the East the feast was known as the 'dormition', which implied her death but did not
exclude her being taken into heaven. In the West the term used was 'assumption',which
emphasized her being taken into heaven but did not exclude the possibility of her dying.
Belief in her assumption was grounded in the promise of the resurrection of the dead and
the recognition of Mary's dignity as Theotókos and 'Ever Virgin', coupled with
the conviction that she who had borne Life should be associated to her Son's victory over
death, and with the glorification of his Body, the Church.
The Growth of Marian Doctrine and Devotion in the Middle Ages
41. The spread of these feasts of Mary gave rise to homilies in which
preachers delved into the Scriptures, searching for types and motifs to illuminate the
Virgin's place in the economy of salvation. During the High Middle Ages a growing emphasis
on the humanity of Christ was matched by attention to the exemplary virtues of Mary.
Bernard, for example, articulates this emphasis in his homilies. Meditation on the lives
of both Christ and Mary became increasingly popular, and gave rise to the development of
such devotional practices as the rosary. The paintings, sculptures and stained glass of
the High and Late Middle Ages lent to this devotion immediacy and colour.
42. During these centuries there were some major shifts of emphasis in
theological reflection about Mary. Theologians of the High Middle Ages developed patristic
reflection on Mary as a 'type' of the Church, and also as the New Eve, in a way that
associated her ever more closely with Christ in the continuing work of redemption. The
centre of attention of believers shifted from Mary as representing the faithful Church,
and so also redeemed humanity, to Mary as dispensing Christ's graces to the faithful.
Scholastic theologians in the West developed an increasingly elaborate body of doctrine
about Mary in her own right. Much of this doctrine grew out of speculation about the
holiness and sanctification of Mary. Questions about this were influenced not only by the
scholastic theology of grace and original sin, but also by presuppositions concerning
procreation and the relation between soul and body. For example, if she were sanctified in
the womb of her mother, more perfectly even than John the Baptist and Jeremiah, some
theologians thought that the precise moment of her sanctification had to be determined
according to the current understanding of when the 'rational soul' was infused into the
body. Theological developments in the Western doctrine of grace and sin raised other
questions: how could Mary be free of all sin, including original sin, without jeopardising
the role of Christ as universal Saviour? Speculative reflection led to intense discussions
about how Christ's redeeming grace may have preserved Mary from original sin. The measured
theology of Mary's sanctification found in the Summa Theologiae of Thomas
Aquinas, and the subtle reasoning of Duns Scotus about Mary, were deployed in extended
controversy over whether Mary was immaculate from the first moment of her conception.
43. In the Late Middle Ages, scholastic theology grew increasingly
apart from spirituality. Less and less rooted in scriptural exegesis, theologians relied
on logical probability to establish their positions, and Nominalists speculated on what
could be done by the absolute power and will of God. Spirituality, no longer in creative
tension with theology, emphasized affectivity and personal experience. In popular
religion, Mary came widely to be viewed as an intermediary between God and humanity, and
even as a worker of miracles with powers that verged on the divine. This popular piety in
due course influenced the theological opinions of those who had grown up with it, and who
subsequently elaborated a theological rationale for the florid Marian devotion of the Late
Middle Ages.
From the Reformation to the Present Day
44. One powerful impulse for Reformation in the early sixteenth
century was a widespread reaction against devotional practices which approached Mary as a
mediatrix alongside Christ, or sometimes even in his place. Such exaggerated devotions, in
part inspired by presentations of Christ as inaccessible Judge as well as Redeemer, were
sharply criticized by Erasmus and Thomas More and decisively rejected by the Reformers.
Together with a radical re-reception of Scripture as the fundamental touchstone of divine
revelation, there was a re-reception by the Reformers of the belief that Jesus Christ is
the only mediator between God and humanity. This entailed a rejection of real and
perceived abuses surrounding devotion to Mary. It led also to the loss of some positive
aspects of devotion and the diminution of her place in the life of the Church.
45. In this context, the English Reformers continued to receive the
doctrine of the ancient Church concerning Mary. Their positive teaching about Mary
concentrated on her role in the Incarnation: it is summed up in their acceptance of her as
the Theotókos, because this was seen to be both scriptural and in accord with
ancient common tradition. Following the traditions of the early Church and other Reformers
like Martin Luther, the English Reformers such as Latimer (Works, 2:105), Cranmer
(Works, 2:60; 2:88) and Jewel (Works, 3:440-441) accepted that Mary was
'Ever Virgin'. Following Augustine, they showed a reticence about affirming that Mary was
a sinner. Their chief concern was to emphasize the unique sinlessness of Christ, and the
need of all humankind, including Mary, for a Saviour (cf. Luke 1:47). Articles IX and XV
affirmed the universality of human sinfulness. They neither affirmed nor denied the
possibility of Mary having been preserved by grace from participation in this general
human condition. It is notable that the Book of Common Prayer in the Christmas
collect and preface refers to Mary as 'a pure Virgin'.
46. From 1561, the calendar of the Church of England (which was
reproduced in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer) contained five feasts associated
with Mary: Conception of Mary, Nativity of Mary, Annunciation, Visitation, and
Purification/Presentation. There was, however, no longer a feast of the Assumption (August
15): not only was it understood to lack scriptural warrant, but was also seen as exalting
Mary at the expense of Christ. Anglican liturgy, as expressed in the successive Books
of Common Prayer (1549, 1552, 1559, 1662) when it mentions Mary, gives prominence to
her role as the 'pure Virgin' from whose 'substance' the Son took human nature (cf.
Article II). In spite of the diminution of devotion to Mary in the sixteenth century,
reverence for her endured in the continued use of the Magnificat in Evening
Prayer, and the unchanged dedication of ancient churches and Lady Chapels. In the
seventeenth century writers such as Lancelot Andrewes, Jeremy Taylor and Thomas Ken
re-appropriated from patristic tradition a fuller appreciation of the place of Mary in the
prayers of the believer and of the Church. For example, Andrewes in his Preces
Privatae borrowed from Eastern liturgies when he showed a warmth of Marian devotion
"Commemorating the allholy, immaculate, more than blessed mother of God and
evervirgin Mary." This re-appropriation can be traced into the next century, and into
the Oxford Movement of the nineteenth century.
47. In the Roman Catholic Church, the continued growth of Marian
doctrine and devotion, while moderated by the reforming decrees of the Council of Trent
(1545-63), also suffered the distorting influence of Protestant - Catholic polemics. To be
Roman Catholic came to be identified by an emphasis on devotion to Mary. The depth and
popularity of Marian spirituality in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth
centuries contributed to the definitions of the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception (1854)
and the Assumption (1950). On the other hand, the pervasiveness of this spirituality began
to give rise to criticism both within and beyond the Roman Catholic Church and initiated a
process of re-reception. This re-reception was evident in the Second Vatican
Council which, consonant with the contemporary biblical, patristic, and liturgical
renewals, and with concern for ecumenical sensitivities, chose not to draft a separate
document on Mary, but to integrate doctrine about her into the Constitution on the Church,
Lumen Gentium (1964) - more specifically, into its final section describing the
eschatological pilgrimage of the Church (Chapter VIII). The Council intended "to
explain carefully both the role of the Blessed Virgin in the mystery of the Word Incarnate
and of the Mystical Body, as well as the duties of the redeemed human race towards the
God-bearer, mother of Christ and mother of humanity, especially of the faithful"
(art. 54). Lumen Gentium concludes by calling Mary a sign of hope and comfort for
God's pilgrim people (art. 68-69). The Fathers of the Council consciously sought to resist
exaggerations by returning to patristic emphases and placing Marian doctrine and devotion
in its proper Christological and ecclesial context.
48. Soon after the Council, faced by an unanticipated decline in
devotion to Mary, Pope Paul VI published an Apostolic Exhortation, Marialis Cultus
(1974), to remove doubts about the Council's intentions and to foster appropriate Marian
devotion. His review of the place of Mary in the revised Roman rite showed that she has
not been 'demoted' by the liturgical renewal, but that devotion to her is properly located
within the Christological focus of the Church's public prayer. He reflected on Mary as
"a model of the spiritual attitudes with which the Church celebrates and lives the
divine mysteries" (art. 16). She is the model for the whole Church, but also a
"teacher of the spiritual life for individual Christians" (art. 21). According
to Paul VI, the authentic renewal of Marian devotion must be integrated with the doctrines
of God, Christ, and the Church. Devotion to Mary must be in accordance with the Scriptures
and the liturgy of the Church; it must be sensitive to the concerns of other Christians
and it must affirm the full dignity of women in public and private life. The Pope also
issued cautions to those who err either by exaggeration or neglect. Finally, he commended
the recitation of the Angelus and the Rosary as traditional devotions which are
compatible with these norms. In 2002, Pope John Paul II reinforced the Christological
focus of the Rosary by proposing five 'mysteries of Light' from the Gospels' account of
Christ's public ministry between his Baptism and Passion. "The Rosary," he
states, "though clearly Marian in character, is at heart a Christocentric
prayer" (Rosarium Virginis Mariae 1).
49. Mary has a new prominence in Anglican worship through the
liturgical renewals of the twentieth century. In most Anglican prayer books, Mary is again
mentioned by name in the Eucharistic prayers. Further, August 15th has come to be widely
celebrated as a principal feast in honour of Mary with Scripture readings, collect and
proper preface. Other feasts associated with Mary have also been renewed, and liturgical
resources offered for use on these festivals. Given the definitive role of authorized
liturgical texts and practices in Anglican formularies, such developments are highly
significant.
50. The above developments show that in recent decades a re-reception
of the place of Mary in corporate worship has been taking place across the Anglican
Communion. At the same time, in Lumen Gentium (Chapter VIII) and the Exhortation Marialis
Cultus the Roman Catholic Church has attempted to set devotion to Mary within the
context of the teaching of Scripture and the ancient common tradition. This constitutes,
for the Roman Catholic Church, a re-reception of teaching about Mary. Revision of the
calendars and lectionaries used in our Communions, especially the liturgical provision
associated with feasts of Mary, gives evidence of a shared process of re-receiving the
scriptural testimony to her place in the faith and life of the Church. Growing ecumenical
exchange has contributed to the process of re-reception in both Communions.
51. The Scriptures lead us together to praise and bless Mary as the
handmaid of the Lord, who was providentially prepared by divine grace to be the mother of
our Redeemer. Her unqualified assent to the fulfilment of God's saving plan can be seen as
the supreme instance of a believer's 'Amen' in response to the 'Yes' of God. She stands as
a model of holiness, obedience and faith for all Christians. As one who received the Word
in her heart and in her body, and brought it forth into the world, Mary belongs in the
prophetic tradition. We are agreed in our belief in the Blessed Virgin Mary as Theotókos.
Our two communions are both heirs to a rich tradition which recognizes Mary as ever
virgin, and sees her as the new Eve and as a type of the Church. We join in praying and
praising with Mary whom all generations have called blessed, in observing her festivals
and according her honour in the communion of the saints, and are agreed that Mary and the
saints pray for the whole Church (see below in section D). In all of this, we see Mary as
inseparably linked with Christ and the Church. Within this broad consideration of the role
of Mary, we now focus on the theology of hope and grace.
C. Mary within the pattern of Grace and Hope
52. Participation in the glory of God, through the mediation of the
Son, in the power of the Spirit is the Gospel hope (cf. 2 Corinthians 3:18; 4:4-6). The
Church already enjoys this hope and destiny through the Holy Spirit, who is the 'pledge'
of our inheritance in Christ (Ephesians 1:14, 2 Corinthians 5:5). For Paul especially,
what it means to be fully human can only be understood rightly when it is viewed in the
light of what we are to become in Christ, the 'last Adam', as opposed to what we had
become in the old Adam (1 Corinthians 15:42-49, cf. Romans 5:12-21). This eschatological
perspective sees Christian life in terms of the vision of the exalted Christ leading
believers to cast off sins that entangle (Hebrews 12:1-2) and to participate in his purity
and love, made available through his atoning sacrifice (1 John 3:3; 4:10). We thus view
the economy of grace from its fulfilment in Christ 'back' into history, rather than
'forward' from its beginning in fallen creation towards the future in Christ. This
perspective offers fresh light in which to consider the place of Mary.
53. The hope of the Church is based upon the testimony it has received
about the present glory of Christ. The Church proclaims that Christ was not only raised
bodily from the tomb, but was exalted to the right hand of the Father, to share in the
Father's glory (1 Timothy 3:16, 1 Peter 1:21). Insofar as believers are united with Christ
in baptism and share in Christ's sufferings (Romans 6:1-6), they participate through the
Spirit in his glory, and are raised up with him in anticipation of the final revelation
(cf. Romans 8:17, Ephesians 2:6, Colossians 3:1). It is the destiny of the Church and of
its members, the "saints" chosen in Christ "before the foundation of the
world", to be "holy and blameless" and to share in the glory of Christ
(Ephesians 1:3-5, 5:27). Paul speaks as it were from the future retrospectively, when he
says, "those whom God predestined he also called; those whom he called he also
justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified" (Romans 8:30). In the
succeeding chapters of Romans, Paul explicates this many-faceted drama of God's election
in Christ, keeping in view its end: the inclusion of the Gentiles, so that "all
Israel shall be saved" (Romans 11:26).
Mary in the Economy of Grace
54. Within this biblical framework we have considered afresh the
distinctive place of the Virgin Mary in the economy of grace, as the one who bore Christ,
the elect of God. The word of God delivered by Gabriel addresses her as already 'graced',
inviting her to respond in faith and freedom to God's call (Luke 1:28,38,45). The Spirit
is operative within her in the conception of the Saviour, and this "blessed among
women" is inspired to sing "all generations will call me blessed" (Luke
1:42,48). Viewed eschatologically, Mary thus embodies the 'elect Israel' of whom Paul
speaks - glorified, justified, called, predestined. This is the pattern of grace and hope
which we see at work in the life of Mary, who holds a distinctive place in the common
destiny of the Church as the one who bore in her own flesh 'the Lord of glory'. Mary is
marked out from the beginning as the one chosen, called and graced by God through the Holy
Spirit for the task that lay ahead of her.
55. The Scriptures tell us of barren women who were gifted by God with
children - Rachel, Manoah's wife, Hannah (Genesis 30:1-24, Judges 13, 1 Samuel 1), and
those past childbearing - Sarah (Genesis 18:9-15, 21:1-7), and most notably Mary's cousin,
Elizabeth (Luke 1:7,24). These women highlight the singular role of Mary, who was neither
barren nor past child-bearing age, but a fruitful virgin: in her womb the Spirit brought
about the conception of Jesus. The Scriptures also speak of God's care for all human
beings, even before their coming to birth (Psalm 139:13-18), and recount the action of
God's grace preceding the specific calling of particular persons, even from their
conception (cf. Jeremiah 1:4-5, Luke 1:15, Galatians 1:15). With the early Church, we see
in Mary's acceptance of the divine will the fruit of her prior preparation, signified in
Gabriel's affirmation of her as 'graced'. We can thus see that God was at work in Mary
from her earliest beginnings, preparing her for the unique vocation of bearing in her own
flesh the new Adam, in whom all things in heaven and earth hold together (cf. Colossians
1:16-17). Of Mary, both personally and as a representative figure, we can say she is
"God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works which God prepared
beforehand" (Ephesians 2:10).
56. Mary, a pure virgin, bore God incarnate in her womb. Her bodily
intimacy with her son was all of a piece with her faithful following of him, and her
maternal participation in his victorious self-giving (Luke 2:35). All this is clearly
testified in Scripture, as we have seen. There is no direct testimony in Scripture
concerning the end of Mary's life. However, certain passages give instances of those who
follow God's purposes faithfully being drawn into God's presence. Moreover, these passages
offer hints or partial analogies that may throw light on the mystery of Mary's entry into
glory. For instance, the biblical pattern of anticipated eschatology appears in the
account of Stephen, the first martyr (Acts 7:54-60). At the moment of his death, which
conforms to that of his Lord, he sees "the glory of God, and Jesus" the
"Son of Man" not seated in judgement, but "standing at the right hand of
God" to welcome his faithful servant. Similarly, the penitent thief who calls on the
crucified Christ is accorded the special promise of being with Christ immediately in
Paradise (Luke 23:43). God's faithful servant Elijah is taken up by a whirlwind into
heaven (2 Kings 2:11), and of Enoch it is written, "he was attested as having pleased
God" as a man of faith, and was therefore "taken up so that he should not see
death; and he was not found because God had taken him" (Hebrews 11:5, cf. Genesis
5:24). Within such a pattern of anticipated eschatology, Mary can also be seen as the
faithful disciple fully present with God in Christ. In this way, she is a sign of hope for
all humanity.
57. The pattern of hope and grace already foreshadowed in Mary will be
fulfilled in the new creation in Christ when all the redeemed will participate in the full
glory of the Lord (cf. 2 Corinthians 3:18). Christian experience of communion with God in
this present life is a sign and foretaste of divine grace and glory, a hope shared with
the whole of creation (Romans 8:18-23). The individual believer and the Church find their
consummation in the new Jerusalem, the holy bride of Christ (cf. Revelation 21:2,
Ephesians 5:27). When Christians from East and West through the generations have pondered
God's work in Mary, they have discerned in faith (cf. Gift 29) that it is fitting
that the Lord gathered her wholly to himself: in Christ, she is already a new creation in
whom "the old has passed away and the new has come" (2 Corinthians 5:17). Viewed
from such an eschatological perspective, Mary may be seen both as a type of the Church,
and as a disciple with a special place in the economy of salvation.
The Papal Definitions
58. Thus far we have outlined our common faith concerning the place of
Mary in the divine purpose. Roman Catholic Christians, however, are bound to believe the
teaching defined by Pope Pius XII in 1950: "that the Immaculate Mother of God, the
ever-Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and
soul into heavenly glory." We note that the dogma does not adopt a particular
position as to how Mary's life ended,[10] nor does it use
about her the language of death and resurrection, but celebrates the action of God in her.
Thus, given the understanding we have reached concerning the place of Mary in the economy
of hope and grace, we can affirm together the teaching that God has taken the Blessed
Virgin Mary in the fullness of her person into his glory as consonant with Scripture and
that it can, indeed, only be understood in the light of Scripture. Roman Catholics can
recognize that this teaching about Mary is contained in the dogma. While the calling and
destiny of all the redeemed is their glorification in Christ, Mary, as Theotókos,
holds the pre-eminent place within the communion of saints and embodies the destiny of the
Church.
59. Roman Catholics are also bound to believe that "the most
blessed Virgin Mary was, from the first moment of her conception, by a singular grace and
privilege of almighty God and in view of the merits of Christ Jesus the Saviour of the
human race, preserved immune from all stain of original sin" (Dogma of the Immaculate
Conception of Mary, defined by Pope Pius IX, 1854).[11] The
definition teaches that Mary, like all other human beings, has need of Christ as her
Saviour and Redeemer (cf. Lumen Gentium 53; Catechism of the Catholic Church 491).
The negative notion of 'sinlessness' runs the risk of obscuring the fullness of Christ's
saving work. It is not so much that Mary lacks something which other human beings 'have',
namely sin, but that the glorious grace of God filled her life from the beginning.[12] The holiness which is our end in Christ (cf. 1 John
3:2-3) was seen, by unmerited grace, in Mary, who is the prototype of the hope of grace
for humankind as a whole. According to the New Testament, being 'graced' has the
connotation of being freed from sin through Christ's blood (Ephesians 1:6-7). The
Scriptures point to the efficacy of Christ's atoning sacrifice even for those who preceded
him in time (cf. 1 Peter 3:19, John 8:56, 1 Corinthians 10:4). Here again the
eschatological perspective illuminates our understanding of Mary's person and calling. In
view of her vocation to be the mother of the Holy One (Luke 1:35), we can affirm together
that Christ's redeeming work reached 'back' in Mary to the depths of her being, and to her
earliest beginnings. This is not contrary to the teaching of Scripture, and can only be
understood in the light of Scripture. Roman Catholics can recognize in this what is
affirmed by the dogma - namely "preserved from all stain of original sin" and
"from the first moment of her conception."
60. We have agreed together that the teaching about Mary in the two
definitions of 1854 and 1950, understood within the biblical pattern of the economy of
grace and hope outlined here, can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the
Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. However, in Roman Catholic understanding as
expressed in these two definitions, the proclamation of any teaching as dogma implies that
the teaching in question is affirmed to be "revealed by God" and therefore to be
believed "firmly and constantly" by all the faithful (i.e. it is de fide).
The problem which the dogmas may present for Anglicans can be put in terms of Article VI:
Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not
read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should
be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation.
We agree that nothing can be required to be believed as an article of faith unless it
is revealed by God. The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these
doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as
a matter of faith.
61. The particular circumstances and precise formulations of the 1854
and 1950 definitions have created problems not only for Anglicans but also for other
Christians. The formulations of these doctrines and some objections to them are situated
within the thought-forms of their time. In particular, the phrases "revealed by
God" (1854) and "divinely revealed" (1950) used in the dogmas reflect the
theology of revelation that was dominant in the Roman Catholic Church at the time that the
definitions were made, and which found authoritative expression in the Constitution Dei
Filius of the First Vatican Council. They have to be understood today in the light of
the way this teaching was refined by the Second Vatican Council in its Constitution Dei
Verbum, particularly in regard to the central role of Scripture in the reception and
transmission of revelation. When the Roman Catholic Church affirms that a truth is
"revealed by God", there is no suggestion of new revelation. Rather, the
definitions are understood to bear witness to what has been revealed from the beginning.
The Scriptures bear normative witness to such revelation (cf. Gift 19). This
revelation is received by the community of believers and transmitted in time and place
through the Scriptures and through the preaching, liturgy, spirituality, life and teaching
of the Church, that draw upon the Scriptures. In The Gift of Authority the
Commission sought to explicate a method by which such authoritative teaching could arise,
the key point being that it needs to be in conformity with Scripture, which remains a
primary concern for Anglicans and Roman Catholics alike.
62. Anglicans have also questioned whether these doctrines must be
held by believers as a matter of faith in view of the fact that the Bishop of Rome defined
these doctrines "independent of a Council" (cf. Authority II 30). In
response, Roman Catholics have pointed to the sensus fidelium, the liturgical
tradition throughout the local churches, and the active support of the Roman Catholic
bishops (cf. Gift 29-30): these were the elements through which these doctrines
were recognized as belonging to the faith of the Church, and therefore able to be defined
(cf. Gift 47). For Roman Catholics, it belongs to the office of the Bishop of
Rome that he should be able, under strictly limited conditions, to make such a definition
(cf. Pastor Aeternus [1870], in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion
Symbolorum [DS] 3069-3070). The definitions of 1854 and 1950 were not made in
response to controversy, but gave voice to the consensus of faith among believers in
communion with the Bishop of Rome. They were re-affirmed by the Second Vatican Council.
For Anglicans, it would be the consent of an ecumenical council which, teaching according
to the Scriptures, most securely demonstrates that the necessary conditions for a teaching
to be de fide had been met. Where this is the case, as with the definition of the
Theotókos, both Roman Catholics and Anglicans would agree that the witness of
the Church is firmly and constantly to be believed by all the faithful (cf. 1 John 1:1-3).
63. Anglicans have asked whether it would be a condition of the future
restoration of full communion that they should be required to accept the definitions of
1854 and 1950. Roman Catholics find it hard to envisage a restoration of communion in
which acceptance of certain doctrines would be requisite for some and not for others. In
addressing these issues, we have been mindful that "one consequence of our separation
has been a tendency for Anglicans and Roman Catholics alike to exaggerate the importance
of the Marian dogmas in themselves at the expense of the other truths more closely related
to the foundation of the Christian faith" (Authority II 30). Anglicans and
Roman Catholics agree that the doctrines of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception
of Mary must be understood in the light of the more central truth of her identity as Theotókos,
which itself depends on faith in the Incarnation. We recognize that, following the Second
Vatican Council and the teaching of recent Popes, the Christological and ecclesiological
context for the Church's doctrine concerning Mary is being re-received within the Roman
Catholic Church. We now suggest that the adoption of an eschatological perspective may
deepen our shared understanding of the place of Mary in the economy of grace, and the
tradition of the Church concerning Mary which both our communions receive. Our hope is
that the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion will recognize a common faith in
the agreement concerning Mary which we here offer. Such a re-reception would mean the
Marian teaching and devotion within our respective communities, including differences of
emphasis, would be seen to be authentic expressions of Christian belief.[13] Any such re-reception would have to take place within the context of
a mutual re-reception of an effective teaching authority in the Church, such as that set
out in The Gift of Authority.
D. Mary in the Life of the Church
64. "All the promises of God find their 'Yes' in Christ: that is
why we offer the 'Amen' through him, to the glory of God" (2 Corinthians 1:20). God's
'Yes' in Christ takes a distinctive and demanding form as it is addressed to Mary. The
profound mystery of "Christ in you, the hope of glory" (Colossians 1:27) has a
unique meaning for her. It enables her to speak the 'Amen' in which, through the Spirit's
overshadowing, God's 'Yes' of new creation is inaugurated. As we have seen, this fiat
of Mary was distinctive, in its openness to God's Word, and in the path to the foot of the
cross and beyond on which the Spirit led her. The Scriptures portray Mary as growing in
her relationship with Christ: his sharing of her natural family (Luke 2:39) was
transcended in her sharing of his eschatological family, those upon whom the Spirit is
poured out (Acts 1:14, 2:1-4). Mary's 'Amen' to God's 'Yes' in Christ to her is thus both
unique and a model for every disciple and for the life of the Church.
65. One outcome of our study has been awareness of differences in the
ways in which the example of Mary living out the grace of God has been appropriated into
the devotional lives of our traditions. Whilst both traditions have recognized her special
place in the communion of saints, different emphases have marked the way we have
experienced her ministry. Anglicans have tended to begin from reflection on the scriptural
example of Mary as an inspiration and model for discipleship. Roman Catholics have given
prominence to the ongoing ministry of Mary in the economy of grace and the communion of
saints. Mary points people to Christ, commending them to him and helping them to share his
life. Neither of these general characterizations do full justice to the richness and
diversity of either tradition, and the twentieth century witnessed a particular growth in
convergence as many Anglicans were drawn into a more active devotion to Mary, and Roman
Catholics discovered afresh the scriptural roots of such devotion. We together agree that
in understanding Mary as the fullest human example of the life of grace, we are called to
reflect on the lessons of her life recorded in Scripture and to join with her as one
indeed not dead, but truly alive in Christ. In doing so we walk together as pilgrims in
communion with Mary, Christ's foremost disciple, and all those whose participation in the
new creation encourages us to be faithful to our calling (cf. 2 Corinthians 5:17, 19).
66. Aware of the distinctive place of Mary in the history of
salvation, Christians have given her a special place in their liturgical and private
prayer, praising God for what He has done in and through her. In singing the Magnificat,
they praise God with her; in the Eucharist, they pray with her as they do with all God's
people, integrating their prayers in the great communion of saints. They recognize Mary's
place in "the prayer of all the saints" that is being uttered before the throne
of God in the heavenly liturgy (Revelation 8:3-4). All these ways of including Mary in
praise and prayer belong to our common heritage, as does our acknowledgement of her unique
status as Theotókos, which gives her a distinctive place within the communion of
saints.
Intercession and Mediation in the Communion of Saints
67. The practice of believers asking Mary to intercede for them with
her son grew rapidly following her being declared Theotókos at the Council of
Ephesus. The most common form today of such intercession is the 'Hail Mary'. This form
conflates the greetings of Gabriel and Elizabeth to her (Luke 1:28,42). It was widely used
from the fifth century, without the closing phrase, "pray for us sinners now and at
the hour of our death", which was first added in the 15th century, and included in
the Roman Breviary by Pius V in 1568. The English Reformers criticized this invocation and
similar forms of prayer, because they believed that it threatened the unique mediation of
Jesus Christ. Confronted with exaggerated devotion, stemming from excessive exaltation of
Mary's role and powers alongside Christ's, they rejected the "Romish doctrine of ...
the Invocation of Saints" as "grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather
repugnant to the Word of God" (Article XXII). The Council of Trent affirmed that
seeking the saints' assistance to obtain favours from God is "good and useful":
such requests are made "through his Son our Lord Jesus Christ, who is our sole
Redeemer and Saviour" (DS 1821). The Second Vatican Council endorsed the continued
practice of believers asking Mary to pray for them, emphasizing that "Mary's maternal
role towards the human race in no way obscures or diminishes the unique mediation of
Christ, but rather shows its power ... in no way does it hinder the direct union of
believers with Christ, but rather fosters it" (Lumen Gentium 60). Therefore
the Roman Catholic Church continues to promote devotion to Mary, while reproving those who
either exaggerate or minimize Mary's role (Marialis Cultus 31). With this
background in mind, we seek a theologically grounded way to draw more closely together in
the life of prayer in communion with Christ and his saints.
68. The Scriptures teach that "there is one mediator between God
and humankind, Christ Jesus, himself human, who gave himself as a ransom for all" (1
Timothy 2:5-6). As noted earlier, on the basis of this teaching "we reject any
interpretation of the role of Mary which obscures this affirmation" (Authority II
30). It is also true, however, that all ministries of the Church, especially those of Word
and sacrament, mediate the grace of God through human beings. These ministries do not
compete with the unique mediation of Christ, but rather serve it and have their source
within it. In particular, the prayer of the Church does not stand alongside or in place of
the intercession of Christ, but is made through him, our Advocate and Mediator (cf. Romans
8:34, Hebrews 7:25, 12:24, 1 John 2:1). It finds both its possibility and practice in and
through the Holy Spirit, the other Advocate sent according to Christ's promise (cf. John
14:16-17). Hence asking our brothers and sisters, on earth and in heaven, to pray for us,
does not contest the unique mediatory work of Christ, but is rather a means by which, in
and through the Spirit, its power may be displayed.
69. In our praying as Christians we address our petitions to God our
heavenly Father, in and through Jesus Christ, as the Holy Spirit moves and enables us. All
such invocation takes place within the communion which is God's being and gift. In the
life of prayer we invoke the name of Christ in solidarity with the whole Church, assisted
by the prayers of brothers and sisters of every time and place. As ARCIC has expressed it
previously, "The believer's pilgrimage of faith is lived out with the mutual support
of all the people of God. In Christ all the faithful, both living and departed, are bound
together in a communion of prayer" (Salvation and the Church 22). In the
experience of this communion of prayer believers are aware of their continued fellowship
with their sisters and brothers who have 'fallen asleep,' the 'great cloud of witnesses'
who surround us as we run the race of faith. For some, this intuition means sensing their
friends' presence; for some it may mean pondering the issues of life with those who have
gone before them in faith. Such intuitive experience affirms our solidarity in Christ with
Christians of every time and place, not least with the woman through whom he became
"like us in all things except sin" (Hebrews 4:15).
70. The Scriptures invite Christians to ask their brothers and sisters
to pray for them, in and through Christ (cf. James 5:13-15). Those who are now 'with
Christ', untrammelled by sin, share the unceasing prayer and praise which characterizes
the life of heaven (e.g. Revelation 5:9-14, 7:9-12, 8:3-4). In the light of these
testimonies, many Christians have found that requests for assistance in prayer can rightly
and effectively be made to those members of the communion of saints distinguished by their
holy living (cf. James 5:16-18). It is in this sense that we affirm that asking the saints
to pray for us is not to be excluded as unscriptural, though it is not directly taught by
the Scriptures to be a required element of life in Christ. Further, we agree that
the way such assistance is sought must not obscure believers' direct access to God our
heavenly Father, who delights to give good gifts to his children (Matthew 7:11). When, in
the Spirit and through Christ, believers address their prayers to God, they are assisted
by the prayers of other believers, especially of those who are truly alive in Christ and
freed from sin. We note that liturgical forms of prayer are addressed to God: they do not
address prayer 'to' the saints, but rather ask them to 'pray for us'. However, in this and
other instances, any concept of invocation which blurs the trinitarian economy of grace
and hope is to be rejected, as not consonant with Scripture or the ancient common
traditions.
The Distinctive Ministry of Mary
71. Among all the saints, Mary takes her place as Theotókos:
alive in Christ, she abides with the one she bore, still 'highly favoured' in the
communion of grace and hope, the exemplar of redeemed humanity, an icon of the Church.
Consequently she is believed to exercise a distinctive ministry of assisting others
through her active prayer. Many Christians reading the Cana account continue to hear Mary
instruct them, "Do whatever he tells you", and are confident that she draws the
attention of her son to their needs: "they have no wine" (John 2:1-12). Many
experience a sense of empathy and solidarity with Mary, especially at key points when the
account of her life echoes theirs, for example the acceptance of vocation, the scandal of
her pregnancy, the improvised surroundings of her labour, giving birth, and fleeing as a
refugee. Portrayals of Mary standing at the foot of the cross, and the traditional
portrayal of her receiving the crucified body of Jesus (the Pietà), evoke the
particular suffering of a mother at the death of her child. Anglicans and Roman Catholics
alike are drawn to the mother of Christ, as a figure of tenderness and compassion.
72. The motherly role of Mary, first affirmed in the Gospel accounts
of her relationship to Jesus, has been developed in a variety of ways. Christian believers
acknowledge Mary to be the mother of God incarnate. As they ponder our Saviour's dying
word to the beloved disciple, "behold your mother" (John 19:27) they may hear an
invitation to hold Mary dear as 'mother of the faithful': she will care for them as she
cared for her son in his hour of need. Hearing Eve called "the mother of all
living" (Genesis 3:20), they may come to see Mary as mother of the new humanity,
active in her ministry of pointing all people to Christ, seeking the welfare of all the
living. We are agreed that, while caution is needed in the use of such imagery, it is
fitting to apply it to Mary, as a way of honouring her distinctive relationship to her
son, and the efficacy in her of his redeeming work.
73. Many Christians find that giving devotional expression to their
appreciation for this ministry of Mary enriches their worship of God. Authentic popular
devotion to Mary, which by its nature displays a wide individual, regional and cultural
diversity, is to be respected. The crowds gathering at some places where Mary is believed
to have appeared suggest that such apparitions are an important part of this devotion and
provide spiritual comfort. There is need for careful discernment in assessing the
spiritual value of any alleged apparition. This has been emphasized in a recent Roman
Catholic commentary.
Private revelation ... can be a genuine help in understanding the Gospel and living it
better at a particular moment in time; therefore it should not be disregarded. It is a
help which is offered, but which one is not obliged to use ... The criterion for the truth
and value of a private revelation is therefore its orientation to Christ himself. When it
leads us away from him, when it becomes independent of him or even presents itself as
another and better plan of salvation, more important than the Gospel, then it certainly
does not come from the Holy Spirit. (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Theological
Commentary on the Message of Fatima, 26 June, 2000).
We are agreed that, within the constraints set down in this teaching to ensure that the
honour paid to Christ remains pre-eminent, such private devotion is acceptable, though
never required of believers.
74. When Mary was first acknowledged as mother of the Lord by
Elizabeth, she responded by praising God and proclaiming his justice for the poor in her Magnificat
(Luke 1:46-55). In Mary's response we can see an attitude of poverty towards God that
reflects the divine commitment and preference for the poor. In her powerlessness she is
exalted by God's favour. Although the witness of her obedience and acceptance of God's
will has sometimes been used to encourage passivity and impose servitude on women, it is
rightly seen as a radical commitment to God who has mercy on his servant, lifts up the
lowly and brings down the mighty. Issues of justice for women and the empowerment of the
oppressed have arisen from daily reflection on Mary's remarkable song. Inspired by her
words, communities of women and men in various cultures have committed themselves to work
with the poor and the excluded. Only when joy is joined with justice and peace do we
rightly share in the economy of hope and grace which Mary proclaims and embodies.
75. Affirming together unambiguously Christ's unique mediation, which
bears fruit in the life of the Church, we do not consider the practice of asking Mary and
the saints to pray for us as communion-dividing. Since obstacles of the past have been
removed by clarification of doctrine, by liturgical reform and practical norms in keeping
with it, we believe that there is no continuing theological reason for ecclesial division
on these matters.
Conclusion
76. Our study, which opens with a careful ecclesial and ecumenical
reading of the Scriptures, in the light of the ancient common traditions, has illuminated
in a new way the place of Mary in the economy of hope and grace. We together re-affirm the
agreements reached previously by ARCIC, in Authority in the Church II 30:
- that any interpretation of the role of Mary must not obscure the unique mediation of
Christ;
- that any consideration of Mary must be linked with the doctrines of Christ and the
Church;
- that we recognize the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Theotókos, the mother of God
incarnate, and so observe her festivals and accord her honour among the saints;
- that Mary was prepared by grace to be the mother of our Redeemer, by whom she herself
was redeemed and received into glory;
- that we recognize Mary as a model of holiness, faith and obedience for all Christians;
and
- that Mary can be seen as a prophetic figure of the Church.
We believe that the present statement significantly deepens and extends these
agreements, setting them within a comprehensive study of doctrine and devotion associated
with Mary.
77. We are convinced that any attempt to come to a reconciled
understanding of these matters must begin by listening to God's word in the Scriptures.
Therefore our common statement commences with a careful exploration of the rich New
Testament witness to Mary, in the light of overall themes and patterns in the Scriptures
as a whole.
- This study has led us to the conclusion that it is impossible to be faithful to
Scripture without giving due attention to the person of Mary (paragraphs 6-30).
- In recalling together the ancient common traditions, we have discerned afresh the
central importance of the Theotókos in the Christological controversies, and the
Fathers' use of biblical images to interpret and celebrate Mary's place in the plan of
salvation (paragraphs 31-40).
- We have reviewed the growth of devotion to Mary in the medieval centuries, and the
theological controversies associated with them. We have seen how some excesses in late
medieval devotion, and reactions against them by the Reformers, contributed to the breach
of communion between us, following which attitudes toward Mary took divergent paths
(paragraphs 41-46).
- We have also noted evidence of subsequent developments in both our Communions, which
opened the way for a re-reception of the place of Mary in the faith and life of the Church
(paragraphs 47-51).
- This growing convergence has also allowed us to approach in a fresh way the questions
about Mary which our two Communions have set before us. In doing so, we have framed our
work within the pattern of grace and hope which we discover in Scripture
"predestined ... called ... justified ... glorified" (Romans 8:30) (paragraphs
52-57).
Advances in Agreement
78. As a result of our study, the Commission offers the following
agreements, which we believe significantly advance our consensus regarding Mary. We affirm
together
- the teaching that God has taken the Blessed Virgin Mary in the fullness of her person
into his glory as consonant with Scripture, and only to be understood in the light of
Scripture (paragraph 58);
- that in view of her vocation to be the mother of the Holy One, Christ's redeeming work
reached 'back' in Mary to the depths of her being and to her earliest beginnings
(paragraph 59);
- that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate
Conception, understood within the biblical pattern of the economy of hope and grace, can
be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common
traditions (paragraph 60);
- that this agreement, when accepted by our two Communions, would place the questions
about authority which arise from the two definitions of 1854 and 1950 in a new ecumenical
context (paragraphs 61-63);
- that Mary has a continuing ministry which serves the ministry of Christ, our unique
mediator, that Mary and the saints pray for the whole Church and that the practice of
asking Mary and the saints to pray for us is not communion-dividing (paragraphs 64-75).
79. We agree that doctrines and devotions which are contrary to
Scripture cannot be said to be revealed by God nor to be the teaching of the Church. We
agree that doctrine and devotion which focuses on Mary, including claims to 'private
revelations', must be moderated by carefully expressed norms which ensure the unique and
central place of Jesus Christ in the life of the Church, and that Christ alone, together
with the Father and the Holy Spirit, is to be worshipped in the Church.
80. Our statement has sought not to clear away all possible problems,
but to deepen our common understanding to the point where remaining diversities of
devotional practice may be received as the varied work of the Spirit amongst all the
people of God. We believe that the agreement we have here outlined is itself the product
of a re-reception by Anglicans and Roman Catholics of doctrine about Mary and that it
points to the possibility of further reconciliation, in which issues concerning doctrine
and devotion to Mary need no longer be seen as communion-dividing, or an obstacle in a new
stage of our growth into visible koinonia. This agreed statement is now offered
to our respective authorities. It may also in itself prove a valuable study of the
teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions about the Blessed Virgin
Mary, the Mother of God incarnate. Our hope is that, as we share in the one Spirit by
which Mary was prepared and sanctified for her unique vocation, we may together
participate with her and all the saints in the unending praise of God.